Nov 2, 2020

SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

SUPER COMPUTER

Father of Super computer

Ans : Seymour Cray

Super computers are used for very complex calculations. Used for the applications in aerospace, oil explorations, geology, molecular dynamics etc.

PARAM is a series of Super computers developed by C-DAC in Pune under the leadership of Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar.

C-DAC was setup in 1988

First director of CDAC

Ans : Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar

Super computer developed by ISRO in 2011 - SAGA-220

World’s fastest super computer

Ans : Sunway Taihulight

Super computer developed by India are

Ans : KKA,PARAM,Kabru,Blue Gene

NASA’s Altix super computer named after Kalpana chawla

Ans : KC

First super computer

Ans : CDC 6600

India’s first super computer

Ans : Param 8,000

India’s fastest super computer

Ans : Param Yuva II (developed by - C-DAC)

First super computer reached teraflop speed

Ans : ASCI Red

The super computer ‘Param Kanchenjunga’ was launched in

Ans : Sikkim

FLOPS

Commonly computing power (processing speed) of super computer is measured in

Ans : Flops (FLOPS -Floating Point Operations Per Second)

Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

PSC Beginner IT & Cyber law ,

Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

Interrupts

An event external to the currently executing process that causes a change in the normal flow of instruction execution is called interrupts On getting an interrupt, CPU
(a)Finishes the current instruction and moves to interrupt service routine
(b)Immediately moves to interrupt service routine without completing current instruction
(c )Release the control on ILO lines and memory lines
(d)make the peripheral device, which requested the interrupt wait for fixed interval of time
Ans : (b)

RAM & ROM
Memory which is usually termed as main memory of the system
Ans : RAM
RAM is a volatile memory. Because it loses its data when computer is turned off.
RAM is a temporary memory.
RAM is located on the motherboard.
ROM is a non - volatile memory because it doesn’t lose its data even after computer is turned off.
We can’t change the data stored in ROM.

Types of RAM
VRAM (Video RAM) - Special purpose 4 memory used by Video adapters to store image data for a computer display
SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM)- It is a clock synchronized RAM that is 4 used for Video Memory.
MDRAM (Multibank Dynamic RAM). It is a high perfomance RAM that divides memory into multiple 32KB parts or banks that can be accessed individually.
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM) - It is a video RAM.
SDRAM is faster than regular DRAM because - it runs synchronously with the system clock

SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory stores data permanently.
Secondary memory is also known as external memory.
Examples: Magnetic tape. Magnetic Discs (Hard Disc, Floppy Disc),Optical Discs, Flash drives
A magnetic tape is a recording medium consisting of a thin tape with coating of fine magnetic material used for recording data.

Hard Disk
A hard disk is usually used inside the CPU.
A hard disk is divided into tracks and sectors.
The activity of creating sectors and tracks on a hard disk is called
(a) Tracking (b) Sectoring
(c ) Plattering (d) Formatting
Ans : (d) Formatting
The normal size of a Hard drive sector is
Ans : 512 bytes
A hard disk used for storage externally as a substitute for portable storage is known as External hard disk

Floppy Disk
Floppy disk was discovered by
Ans : Alan Shugart
Size of a common floppy disk
Ans : 3.5 inches
3.5 inches size floppy drives and floppy disks are developed by
Ans : SONY
8 inches size floppy disks are developed by
Ans : IBM
Storage capacity of a common floppy disk -
Ans : 1.44 MB
The part of the computer where floppy disks are inserted is known as
Ans : Floppy disk drive

Optical discs
Examples of optical disc are
Ans : CD, DVD, Blu ray disc
Data on optical disc is stored in the form of light and dark pits.
CD - Compact Disk
Storage capacity of a standard CD
Ans : 650- 750 MB (70 minutes of audio)
Diameter of a standard CD
Ans : 12 cm
The term “Red book”, “Yellow book” and “Orange book refer to
Ans : CD ROM Standard
DVD - Digital Versatile Disk (formally known as Digital Video Disk)
Storage capacity of a common DVD
Ans : 4.7 GB
Optical disk having high storage capacity
Ans : Blu-ray disk
Storage capacity of a standard single layer Blu -ray disc
Ans : 25 GB
x

COMPUTER-Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

PSC Beginner IT & Cyber law ,

Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic device that receives data, process it and gives meaningful informations.

The word ‘computer’ is originated from the Latin words ‘Computus’ and ‘computare’ Collection of facts and figures are called

Ans : Data

Processed data is called

Ans : Information.

Information conveys a meaningful message

A set of actions performed by the computer to convert data into information is called

Ans : Data processing

The word ‘data’ is originated from the Latin word ‘datum’

The way that computers manipulate data into information is called

Ans : Processing

A program in execution is called

Ans : Process

The type of test used in com-puting to check whether or not the password user is a human

(a)Debugging

(b)Cryptanalysis

(c )CAPTCHA

(d) Black Box

Testing Arts : (c ) CAPTCHA

(Sales Asst Gr. II, 2016) CAPTCHA - Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans

Characteristics of computer

Accuracy Speed

Versatility Automation

Storage capacity Reliability

Diligence

Computer Generation

Generation Examples Year Switching Device

First - UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, ENIAC - 1949-55 - Vacuum Tubes (The Vaccum Tube was invented by - John A. Fleming]

Second - IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS, MARK 111, IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, CDC 164 - 1956 - 65 - Transistors

Third - PDP-8, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370/168, TDC-316, Honeywell - 6000 series - 1966 - 75 - Integrated circuits

Fourth - DEC 10, STAR 1000, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP - 1975 - 86 - VLSI Micro processor

Fifth - 1986 - ULSI Micro processor

FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF COMPUTERS

Input Unit

Central Processing Unit

Output Unit

INPUT UNIT AND OUTPUT UNIT’

Device which receives data for processing are called input device.

An input device converts input information into suitable binary code form acceptable to a computer.

Input Output devices

Major Input Devices - Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Joystick, Scanner, Track ball, Microphone, Digital Camera, Touch screen, Barcode Reader, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Major Output Devices - Monitor, Printer, Projector, Sound card, Speaker, Video card, Plotter, Head phone

KEYBOARD

Keys on keyboard

Alpha numeric keys - letters and numbers

Punctuation keys - comma, period, semicolon etc.

Special keys - Function keys, arrow keys, caps lock key. etc.

The number of function keys on keyboard

Ans : 12

The largest key on the keyboard

Ans : Space bar

The key placed at the top left comer of the keyboard

Ans : Escape key (Esc key)

The Primary input device

Ans : Keyboard

The Primary output device

Ans : Monitor

ASCII

Standard which is used to convert a keystroke to its corresponding bit

Ans : ASCII

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Normally ASCII has 7 - bit code characters.

An 8 bit character encoding commonly used in IBM mainframe operation systems

Ans : EBCDIC

EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

Ans : 256 (0-255)

MOUSE

Pointing device used in computer

Ans : Mouse

Mouse was invented by

Ans : Douglas Engelbert

Unit which is used to represent the speed of a mouse

Ans : Mickey

Most commonly, working of wireless mouse is based on

Ans : Infrared Rays

The company that developed mouse

Ans : Xerox PARC

The first mouse was marketed by

Ans : Apple

The blinking symbol which indicates the next position of the character is called

Ans : Cursor

The device used for moving the cursor on the screen of a computer

Ans : Mouse

A small figure which depicts some applications on the screen is called

Ans : Icon

OMR

The system used for the evaluation of competitive examinations

Ans : OMR (Optical Mark Reader)

An optical input device that interprets pencil marks on paper media is Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

BARCODE

A barcode is simply a numeric code represented as a series of lines.

These lines can be read by a barcode reader/ scanner.

Barcode Reader is an input device for reading printed bar codes. It converts optical impulses to electrical impulses.

When the laser beam falls on it barcode reader measures the amount of light it reflected back.

The dark bars on a barcode reflect less light than the white spaces between them.

MONITOR

User gets the result of processed data through output devices.

Pixel and Resolution

Resolution of monitor is associated with the number of pixels on monitor

The smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen is known as

Ans : Pixel

Pixel is the short form for

Ans : Picture element

Capability of a sensor to observe the smallest object clearly is called as

Ans : Resolution

Resolution depends upon the size of the pixel

Images with smaller pixel will have a higher resolution

Pictures with higher resolution occupy more memory space on the disc

PRIMARY MEMORY

Memory which is also known as the main memory

Ans : Primary memory

Primary memory is classified into RAM and ROM

Which of the following memory needs periodic refresh ?

(a)SRAM

(b) DRAM

(c ) ROM

(d)All of the above

Ans : (b)

TENSE

PSC Beginner General English ,

TENSE

Tenses

1. Present Tense

2. Past Tense

3. Future Tense

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Subject + do/does/ V1 form

Example: He plays cricket

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Subject + am / is / are + ing form of the verb

Example: He is playing cricket

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Subject + has/ have + V3 Form

Example: He has passed the SSLC examination

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

Subject + has/ have + been + ing form of the verb

Example: He has been staying here for 10 years

PAST TENSE

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Subject + V2 form

Example: He played cricket

PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

Subject + was / were + ing form of the verb

Example: He was playing cricket

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Subject + had + V3 Form

Example: He had passed the SSLC examination

She had gone to school

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

Subject + had + been + ing form of the verb

Example: He had been waiting for 2 hours

FUTURE TENSE

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Subject + will / shall + V1 form

Example: He will play

FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE

Subject + will / shall + be + ing form of the verb

Example: He will be playing cricket in the evening

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Subject + will/ shall + have+ V3 Form

Example: They will have played

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

Subject + have + been + ing form of the verb

Example: They will have been playing

Previous year General English Questions

PSC Beginner General English ,

Previous year questions

1. I say my prayers ________ I sleep

(a) before (b) while

Ans : (a) before

2. A synonym for 'authentic' is

(a) spurious (b) lovely

Ans : (d) genuine

3. You are a/an ……..if you eat both plant and meat.

(a) herbivore (b) carnivore

Ans : (c) omnivore

4. She did not smile______ I apologized

(a) still (b) until

Ans :(b) until

5.We resumed the game ________ it stopped

(a) while (b) where

Ans :(c) as soon as

6. Stay_____________

(a) When you are (b) where you are

Ans: (b) where you are

7. A year has passed ……. we met.

(a) when (b) since

Ans: (b) since

8. If you tickle me I __________

(a) will tickle you (b) would tickle you

(c)wiil be tickling you

(d) would have tickle you

Ans: (a) will tickle you

9. The young one of a lion is called

(a) Cub (b) calf

Ans: (a) Cub

10. He has been working here______1990

(a) from (b) since

Ans: (b) since

11. gracious means

(a) reasonable (b) strong and firm

(d) kind polite and generous

Ans: d) kind polite and generous

12. It is easier_____ others than to do better than they have done

(a) to run over (b) to run on

Ans: (c) to run down

13. The passive voice of' ‘Who did it?' is

(a) By whom was it done?

(b) By who was it done?

(d) Who was it done by?

Ans: (a) By whom was it done?

14. …………. is the study of ageing, and the process and special problems of aging.

(a) genealogy (b) gerontology

Ans: (b) gerontology

15. Death ………….to everyone sooner or later.

(a) comes (b) come

Ans: (a) comes

16.Nocturnal relates to

(a) night time (b) day time

Ans:(a) night time

(a) night time

17. I watch TV _________ I have nothing to do

(a) when (b) where

Ans: (a) when

18. ________ she had many misfortunes, she is always cheerful

(a) If (b) Inspite of

Ans: (c) Although

19. The passive voice of 'They took her to hospital yesterday' is

(a) She had been taken to hospital yesterday.

(b) She was taken to hospital yesterday.(c) She was being taken to hospital yesterday

(d) She has been taken to hospital yesterday.

Ans :(b) She was taken to hospital yesterday.

20.The Indirect Speech of, 'He said: "We will not be present tomorrow" is

(a) He said that they would not present tomorrow.

(b) He said that they would not be present tomorrow.

(d) He said that they would not be present the following day.

Ans:(d) He said that they would not be present the following day.

Phrasal Verbs

PSC Beginner General English ,

Phrasal Verbs

Account for : Explain, Give a reason

Blow up : 1.To destroy by an explosion,

2. Inflate with air or gas

Bear down : Overcome, defeat

Break down : Lose control

Break into : Enter by force

Break out : Start suddenly

Break up : Come to an end

Bring about: Cause to happen

Bring back : Return

Bring down : Reduce

Bring in : Introduce, yield (earn)

Bring out : To appear, publish, produce

Bring off : Accomplish

Bring under : Defeat

Brush up on: Improve , Refresh

Call by: To visit briefly

Call in : Send for

Call off : Cancel

Call for : Demand

Call at : Visit a place

Call on : Visit a person

Call upon : Appeal

Carry on : Continue

Carry out : Do and complete a task

Carry off : To win

Carry through: To help, complete, fulfill

Catch on : To understand

Come by : To obtain

Come about: Happen

Come across : Find by chance

Come forward : To offer

Come down : Collapse, humiliation

Come out : Be published, become known, to appear

Cut in : To interrupt

Deal with : Handle, take care of

Do away with : Abolish

Fall in : Collapse

Get away : Escape

Get back : Return

Get down : Descend

Get in : Enter, To arrive

Get off : Leave, remove

Get rid of : Eliminate

Give in : Surrender

Give out : Distribute, become exhausted

Give up: Abandon

Go into: Examine

Go on : Continue

Go through : Examine carefully

Hang up : End a phone conversation

Hold on : Wait, grip tightly

Keep on : Continue

Keep up : Maintain

Knock out : Defeat, Destroy

Lay down : Sacrifice

Lay off : Dismiss from work

Lay on : To supply

Let down : Disappoint

Look after : Take care of

Look for : To seek, Search

Look into : Examine, Investigate

Look over : Examine

Look up : Search for

Make out : Understand

Make over : To change, transform, to convert

Pass away : Die

Pass by : Pay no attention to

Pass off : Take place

Pull back : Retreat

Pull down : Demolish

Pull out : Withdraw

Pull up : To bring up to a stop

Put across : Communicate

Put aside : Keep, suggest

Put back : Restore

Put by : Save

Put down : Suppress

Put forth : Produce, use

Put forward : Suggest, to propose

Put in : Do

Put off : Postpone

Put on: Switch on, wear

Put out : Extinguish, Annoyed

Put up: Raise, build, erect

Put up with : Tolerate

Put up at : Accommodate

Relay on : Depend on, trust

Rule out : Eliminate

Run after : Chase

Run down : Criticize, weaken

Run out : Come to an end, exhausted

Run through : To use, examine

Set aside : Reserved

Set back : Delay or hinder

Set off : To start a journey, a race

Set up : To establish

Stand by : To side with one, to support

Stand for : Support

Stand up for : Maintained

Take after : Resemble

Take care of : Look after

Take in : To deceive

Take for : Believed him to be , mistook

Take in : To deceive

Take to: Become addicted

Take on : To employ, to undertake

Take over : Take charge, assume charge

Take up : Absorb, accept, occupied by

Turn against : Become unfriendly

Turn down : Refuse, Reject

Turn off : Stop functioning

Turn on : Start functioning

Turn out : Expelled from, assembled, manufactured, proved

Turn over : Hand over

Turn up : Appear

Wind up : To come to an end

Wipe off : Clean

Wipe out : Destroy, removeq

Collective Nouns

PSC Beginner General English ,

Collective Nouns

A bask of crocodiles

A band of robbers

A bale of turtles

A bench of judges

A bevy of ladies

A board of directors

A bundle of sticks

A bundle of sheaf

A break of winds

A box of cigars

A brace of pistols

A class of students

A crew of sailors

A crowd of people

A cluster of spiders

A colony of ants

A colony of bats

A den of snakes

A fall of snow

A flight of butterflies

A flock of sheep

A fleet of sheep

A herd of cattle

A herd of cows

A herd of deer

A herd of elephants

A herd of giraffes

A herd of goats

A herd of pigs

A herd of asses

A giggle of girls

A herd of cattle

A swarm of flies

A wedge of swans

A parliament of owls

A flocks of ducks

A company of parrots

A brood of chickens

A brood of hens

A flight of doves

A clowder of cats

A sloth of bears

A pride of lions

A flock of camels

A zeal of zebras

A litter of cubs

A brace of pigeons

A kindle of kittens

A team of horses

A bury of rabbits

A scoop of journalist

PHOBIAS

PSC Beginner General English ,

PHOBIAS

Phobia is an irrational fear of something that's unlikely to cause harm. The word itself comes from the Greek word phobos, which means fear or horror.

Hydrophobia : Fear of water

Thermophobia : Fear of heat

Hemophobia : Fear of blood

Noctiphobia : Fear of night

Photophobia : Fear of light

Achluophobia : Fear of darkness

Nephophobia : Fear of clouds

Pyrophobia : Fear of heat

Necrophobia : Fear of death or dead bodies

Anthrophobia : Fear of people

Ochlophobia : Fear of crowds

Androphobia : Fear of men

Gynophobia : Fear of women

Acrophobia : Fear of height

Bathophobia : Fear of depth

Cynophobia : Fear of dogs

Chirophobia : Fear of bats

Ophiphobia : Fear of snakes

Ailurophobia : Fear of cats

Cibophobia : Fear of food

Bibliophobia : Fear of books

Oneirophobia : Fear of dreams

Nephophobia : Fear of anything new

Methyphobia : Fear of alchol

Question Tag

PSC Beginner General English ,

Question Tag

Question Tag, turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that correct or not.

How to write question tag ( steps)

1. Identify the sentenceis positive or negative

2. Identify the auxiliary verb in sentence

3. The full stop in the sentence must be changed to comma before adding question tag

4. Question tag always start with small letter and end with a question mark

5. Identify the pronoun

6. Tense of the sentence must be the tense of the question tag

7. If the sentence is positive then question tag will be negative

8. If the sentence is negative then question tag will be positive

Example

1. she answered the question, didn't she?

2. Iam late , aren't I?

3. Everyone passed the test, didn't they?

4. They are always late, aren't they?

5. Your brother is here, isn't he?

6. she Sang well, didn't she?

7. Nothing was known about him, was it?

8. Mary went to England, didn't she?

9. we have lunch break at 1 O'clock , haven't we?

10. They went to a film, didn't they?

Active and passive voice

PSC Beginner General English ,

ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice describes a sentence bject performs the action stated by the verb

Active voice - Subject + Verb + Object

Passive voice, the subject is acted upon by the verb.
Passive voice - Object + Verb + Subject

1. Mahtma Gandhi .............in 1948
a. Is killed b. Has been killed
c. Was killed   d. Had been killed
Ans: Was killed
2. The picture ______ on the table
a. Was hung   b. Was hanged
c. Was being hanged d. Had been hanged
Ans: Was hung
3. The passive form of ' He issued the orders'
a. He was issued the orders
b. The orders were issued by him
c. The orders was issued byhim
d. He had been issued the orders
Ans:   b. The orders were issued by him
4. ' Poorna Sung a song ' change into passive voice
a. A song is sung by poorna
b. A song has sung by poorna
c. A song was sung by poorna
d. A song is being sung by poorna
Ans : c. A song was sung by poorna
5. The Passive form of "I was writing a letter" is
a. A letter was being written by me
b. A letter has been written by me
c. A letter is written by me
d.A letter is being written by me
Ans:  a. A letter was being written by me
6. "Sheela enjoys reading"
a. Reading was enjoyed by Sheela
b. Reading is enjoyed by Sheela
c. Reading is being enjoyed by Sheela d.Reading was being enjoyed by Sheela
Ans: c. Reading is being enjoyed by Sheela
7. Gopika was singing the song
a. The song is being sung by Gopika
b. The song was being sung by Gopika c.The song was sung by gopika
d. the song is being sung by gopika
Ans: b.The song was being sung by Gopika
8. The passive form of" Raise Your Hands"
a.Hands raised by you
b. Let your hands be raised
c. Let raised your hands
d. Let him raise his hand
Ans: b. Let your hands be raised
9. The passive form of " I bought the baby a doll"
a. The baby was bought a ball
b. A doll was bought for the baby
c. I was bought a doll for the baby
d. None of these
Ans: b. A doll was bought for the baby

10. "The news Shocked the nation" change in to passive voice
a.The nation shook by the news
b. The news Shaked Nation
c. The nation was shook by the news
d. The nation was shocked by the news
Ans : d.The nation was shocked by the news

Nov 2, 2020

SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

SUPER COMPUTER

Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

Interrupts

COMPUTER-Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

COMPUTER

Oct 27, 2020

TENSE

Oct 26, 2020

Previous year General English Questions

Oct 25, 2020

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs

Collective Nouns

Oct 20, 2020

PHOBIAS

Question Tag

Oct 19, 2020

Active and passive voice

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Nov 2, 2020

SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

SUPER COMPUTER

Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

Interrupts

Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

COMPUTER

Oct 27, 2020

Oct 26, 2020

Oct 25, 2020

Phrasal Verbs

Oct 20, 2020

Oct 19, 2020

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