Showing posts with label IT & Cyber law. Show all posts
Showing posts with label IT & Cyber law. Show all posts

Nov 2, 2020

Computer Programming Language

IT & Cyber law ,
Computer Programming Language

 

Computer Programming Language

Programming Language

Language that can be used to create programs is known as 
Ans : Programming language
A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a computer.

Low Level Languages
Two types of low level languages are Machine languages and Assembly languages.

Machine Language
Binary language is used as machine language,
Computer performs all the arithmetical and logical opeStions in binary form (05s and 1 ’s)
Only one language understood by the computer is machine language.
Binary language uses only (0's and 1's as its digits.

Assembly Language
Assembly language is a second generation low level language.
Assembly language uses symbolic codes (mnemonics) to represent corresponding machine codes.
Assembly languages are faster than high level languages.

Language Developers
B - Ken Thomson
C - Dennis Ritchie
C - B. Stroustrup
c# - Microsoft
VB - Microsoft
.Net - Microsoft
Java - James A Glossing
Python - Gaido Van Rossum

High Level Language
High level language uses English words and familiar mathematical symbols
Programs written in high level language has to be converted to machine language before execution.
Examples of highlevel languages - BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, LISP, PROLOG, C, C, Java, Visual Basic, Python etc.
Programming language used for business data processing - COBOL
COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language
Languages used for the creation of web pages - HTML, PHP, Java Script etc 
HTML- Hypertext Markup Language
HTML was developed by
Ans : Tim Berners Lee
HTML code is related to
Ans : notepad
Java was formerly known as
Ans : Oak
Java was developed by the company 
Ans : Sun Micro Systems.
Postscript language is primarly used for
Ans : Printers

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SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

IT & Cyber law ,
SUPER COMPUTER- Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2

SUPER COMPUTER-  Information Technology & Cyber Laws 2


SUPER COMPUTER


Father of Super computer
Ans : Seymour Cray
Super computers are used for very complex calculations. Used for the applications in aerospace, oil explorations, geology, molecular dynamics etc.
PARAM is a series of Super computers developed by C-DAC in Pune under the leadership of Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar.
C-DAC was setup in 1988
First director of CDAC
Ans : Dr. Vijay P. Bhatkar
Super computer developed by ISRO in 2011 - SAGA-220
World’s fastest super computer 
Ans : Sunway Taihulight 
Super computer developed by India are 
Ans : KKA,PARAM,Kabru,Blue Gene
NASA’s Altix super computer named after Kalpana chawla
Ans : KC
First super computer 
Ans : CDC 6600
India’s first super computer 
Ans : Param 8,000
India’s fastest super computer 
Ans : Param Yuva II (developed by - C-DAC)
First super computer reached teraflop speed
Ans : ASCI Red
The super computer ‘Param Kanchenjunga’ was launched in
Ans : Sikkim


FLOPS

Commonly computing power (processing speed) of super computer is measured in
Ans : Flops (FLOPS -Floating Point Operations Per Second)

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Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

IT & Cyber law ,
Computer Memory- RAM, ROM

 
Computer Memory- RAM, ROM 


Interrupts



An event external to the currently executing process that causes a change in the normal flow of instruction execution is called interrupts On getting an interrupt, CPU
(a)Finishes the current instruction and moves to interrupt service routine
(b)Immediately moves to interrupt service routine without completing current instruction
(c )Release the control on ILO lines and memory lines
(d)make the peripheral device, which requested the interrupt wait for fixed interval of time 
Ans :  (b)

RAM & ROM
Memory which is usually termed as main memory of the system
Ans : RAM 
RAM is a volatile memory. Because it loses its data when computer is turned off.
RAM is a temporary memory.
RAM is located on the motherboard. 
ROM is a non - volatile memory because it doesn’t lose its data even after computer is turned off.
We can’t change the data stored in ROM.

Types of RAM
VRAM (Video RAM) - Special purpose 4 memory used by Video adapters to store image data for a computer display
SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM)- It is a clock synchronized RAM that is 4 used for Video Memory.
MDRAM (Multibank Dynamic RAM). It  is a high perfomance RAM that divides memory into multiple 32KB parts or banks that can be accessed individually.
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM) - It is a video RAM.
SDRAM is faster than regular DRAM because - it runs synchronously with the system clock

SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory stores data permanently.  
Secondary memory is also known as external memory.
Examples: Magnetic tape. Magnetic Discs (Hard Disc, Floppy Disc),Optical Discs, Flash drives
A magnetic tape is a recording medium consisting of a thin tape with coating of fine magnetic material used for recording data. 

Hard Disk
A hard disk is usually used inside the CPU. 
A hard disk is divided into tracks and sectors.
 The activity of creating sectors and tracks on a hard disk is called 
(a) Tracking (b) Sectoring
(c ) Plattering (d) Formatting
Ans :  (d) Formatting
The normal size of a Hard drive sector is 
Ans : 512 bytes
A hard disk used for storage externally as a substitute for portable storage is known as External hard disk 

Floppy Disk
Floppy disk was discovered by
Ans : Alan Shugart
Size of a common floppy disk 
Ans : 3.5 inches
3.5 inches size floppy drives and floppy disks are developed by
Ans : SONY
8 inches size floppy disks are developed by 
Ans : IBM
Storage capacity of a common floppy disk -
Ans : 1.44 MB
The part of the computer where floppy disks are inserted is known as
Ans : Floppy disk drive

Optical discs
Examples of optical disc are
Ans : CD, DVD, Blu ray disc
Data on optical disc is stored in the form of light and dark pits.
CD - Compact Disk
Storage capacity of a standard CD
Ans : 650- 750 MB (70 minutes of audio)
Diameter of a standard CD
Ans : 12 cm
The term “Red book”, “Yellow book” and   “Orange book  refer to
Ans : CD ROM Standard
DVD - Digital Versatile Disk (formally known as Digital Video Disk)
Storage capacity of a common DVD 
Ans : 4.7 GB
Optical disk having high storage capacity 
Ans : Blu-ray disk
Storage capacity of a standard single layer Blu -ray disc
Ans : 25 GB
x

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COMPUTER-Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

IT & Cyber law ,
COMPUTER-Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1

 Information Technology & Cyber Laws 1



COMPUTER




Computer is an electronic device that receives data, process it and gives meaningful informations.

The word ‘computer’ is originated from the Latin words ‘Computus’ and ‘computare’ Collection of facts and figures are called 
Ans : Data
Processed data is called 
Ans : Information. 
Information conveys a meaningful message
A set of actions performed by the computer to convert data into information is called 
Ans : Data processing
The word ‘data’ is originated from the Latin word ‘datum’
The way that computers manipulate data into information is called 
Ans : Processing
A program in execution is called
Ans : Process
The type of test used in com-puting to check whether or not the password user is a human
(a)Debugging
(b)Cryptanalysis
(c )CAPTCHA 
(d) Black Box
Testing Arts : (c ) CAPTCHA
(Sales Asst Gr. II, 2016) CAPTCHA - Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans

Characteristics of computer
Accuracy                      Speed       
Versatility                    Automation
Storage capacity        Reliability
Diligence                       

Computer Generation
Generation      Examples   Year      Switching Device
First - UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, ENIAC - 1949-55 - Vacuum Tubes (The Vaccum Tube was invented by - John A. Fleming] 
Second - IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650,  IBM 1401, ATLAS, MARK 111, IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, CDC 164 - 1956 - 65 - Transistors
Third - PDP-8, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370/168, TDC-316, Honeywell - 6000 series - 1966 - 75 - Integrated circuits
Fourth - DEC 10, STAR 1000, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP - 1975 - 86 - VLSI Micro processor
Fifth - 1986 - ULSI Micro processor

FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF COMPUTERS
Input Unit
Central Processing Unit
Output Unit

INPUT UNIT AND OUTPUT UNIT’
Device which receives data for processing are called input device.
An input device converts input information into suitable binary code form acceptable to a computer.

Input Output devices
Major Input Devices - Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Joystick, Scanner, Track ball, Microphone, Digital Camera, Touch screen, Barcode Reader, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Major Output Devices - Monitor, Printer, Projector, Sound card, Speaker, Video card, Plotter, Head phone

KEYBOARD
Keys on keyboard
Alpha numeric keys - letters and numbers 
Punctuation keys - comma, period, semicolon etc.
Special keys - Function keys, arrow keys, caps lock key. etc.
The number of function keys on keyboard 
Ans : 12
The largest key on the keyboard 
Ans : Space bar
The key placed at the top left comer of the keyboard
Ans : Escape key (Esc key)
The Primary input device
Ans : Keyboard
The Primary output device
Ans : Monitor

ASCII
Standard which is used to convert a keystroke to its corresponding bit 
Ans : ASCII
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Normally ASCII has 7 - bit code characters.
An 8 bit character encoding commonly used in IBM mainframe operation systems 
Ans : EBCDIC 
EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Ans : 256 (0-255)

MOUSE
Pointing device used in computer
Ans : Mouse
Mouse was invented by
Ans : Douglas Engelbert
Unit which is used to represent the speed of a mouse
Ans : Mickey
Most commonly, working of wireless mouse is based on 
Ans : Infrared Rays
The company that developed mouse
Ans : Xerox PARC
The first mouse was marketed by 
Ans : Apple
The blinking symbol which indicates the next position of the character is called 
Ans : Cursor
The device used for moving the cursor on the screen of a computer 
Ans : Mouse
A small figure which depicts some applications on the screen is called
Ans : Icon

OMR
The system used for the evaluation of competitive examinations 
Ans : OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
An optical input device that interprets pencil marks on paper media is Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

BARCODE
A barcode is simply a numeric code represented as a series of lines.
These lines can be read by a barcode reader/ scanner.
Barcode Reader is an input device for reading printed bar codes. It converts optical impulses to electrical impulses.
When the laser beam falls on it barcode reader measures the amount of light it reflected back.
The dark bars on a barcode reflect less light than the white spaces between them.

MONITOR
User gets the result of processed data through output devices.
Pixel and Resolution
Resolution of monitor is associated with the number of pixels on monitor 
The smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen is known as 
Ans : Pixel
Pixel is the short form for 
Ans : Picture element
Capability of a sensor to observe the smallest object clearly is called as 
Ans : Resolution
Resolution depends upon the size of the pixel
Images with smaller pixel will have a higher resolution
Pictures with higher resolution occupy more memory space on the disc

PRIMARY MEMORY
Memory which is also known as the main memory
Ans : Primary memory  
Primary memory is classified into RAM and ROM
Which of the following memory needs periodic refresh ?
(a)SRAM
(b) DRAM
(c ) ROM 
(d)All of the above
Ans :  (b)
x

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